Gịnị ka ihe na-egosi na ihe ndị na-etinye ihe nkiri na-arụ ọrụ? Ọ bụrụ na ọ pere mpe, ka ọ ka mma?

Tupu anyị ewebata ihe ndị na-ebelata nnabata nke ihe nkiri capacitors, ka anyị leba anya n'ihe bụ dielectric, polarization nke dielectric na ihe ndị na-ebelata nnabata nke capacitor.

Dielectric

Dielectric bụ ihe na-anaghị eduzi ihe, ya bụ, ihe na-egbochi ihe, na-enweghị chaja dị n'ime nke nwere ike ịkwaga. Ọ bụrụ na etinye dielectric n'ime ubi electrostatic, elektrọn na nuclei nke atọm dielectric na-eme "ngbanwe dị n'etiti microscopic" n'ime oke atọm n'okpuru ọrụ nke ike ubi eletriki, mana ọ bụghị "mmegharị macroscopic" pụọ na atọm nke ha so na ya, dị ka elektrọn efu dị na onye na-eduzi ihe. Mgbe erute nha nha electrostatic, ike ubi dị n'ime dielectric abụghị efu. Nke a bụ isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe onwunwe eletriki nke dielectrics na ndị na-eduzi ihe.

Mgbasa ozi Dielectric

N'okpuru ọrụ nke ubi eletriki etinyere, oge dipole macroscopic na-apụta n'ime dielectric n'akụkụ ntụziaka ubi eletriki, chaja agbụ na-apụtakwa n'elu dielectric, nke bụ polarization nke dielectric.

Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara inweta ihe ahụ

Ihe na-eme n'oge lag na usoro chajị na mwepụ nke capacitor nke sitere na polarization nwayọ nke dielectric n'okpuru ọrụ nke ubi eletriki etinyere. Ihe a na-aghọtakarị bụ na a chọrọ ka capacitor chajị ya kpamkpam ozugbo, mana anaghị ejupụta ya ozugbo; a chọrọ ka capacitor ahụ tọhapụ chajị ahụ kpamkpam, mana a naghị ahapụ ya, ihe na-eme n'oge lag na-emekwa.

Ọnụọgụ nnabata nke capacitor ihe nkiri

A na-akpọ uru e ji kọwaa ihe na-eme ka dielectric absorption nke capacitors fim dị na ya, Ka na-akpọkwa ya. Mmetụta dielectric absorption nke capacitors fim na-ekpebi njirimara ugboro ole dị ala nke capacitors, uru Ka na-agbanwekwa nke ukwuu maka capacitors dielectric dị iche iche. Nsonaazụ nha dịgasị iche maka oge nnwale dị iche iche nke otu capacitor ahụ; uru Ka na-agbanwekwa maka capacitors nke otu nkọwapụta ahụ, ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Ya mere, enwere ajụjụ abụọ ugbu a-

Q1. Ọ dị obere ka o kwere mee ka ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ ihe nkiri ghara ịdị irè?

Q2. Kedu ihe bụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke nnukwu ihe ndọpụ uche?

A1:

N'okpuru ọrụ nke ubi eletriki etinyere: obere Ka (ọnụọgụ nnabata pere mpe) → obere polarization nke dielectric (dịka insulator) adịghị ike → obere ike njikọ na elu dielectric → obere ike njikọ nke dielectric na traction charge → obere ihe nnabata nke capacitor adịghị ike → capacitor na-ana ma na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa. Ọnọdụ kacha mma: Ka bụ 0, ya bụ, ihe nnabata bụ 0, dielectric (ya bụ, ihe mkpuchi) enweghị ihe mmetụta polarization n'okpuru ọrụ nke ubi eletriki etinyere, elu dielectric enweghị ike njikọ traction na chajị, na nzaghachi chajị na mwepụ capacitor enweghị hysteresis. Ya mere, ihe nnabata nke capacitor ihe nkiri ka obere ka mma.

A2:

Mmetụta nke capacitor nwere oke uru Ka na sekit dị iche iche na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ndị a.

1) Sekit dị iche iche na-aghọ sekit ejikọtara ọnụ

2) Sawtooth circuit na-eme ka ebili mmiri sawtooth dị elu, ya mere sekit ahụ enweghị ike ịgbake ngwa ngwa

3) Ihe mgbochi, ihe njide, mgbawa mmegharị ebili mmiri dị warara

4) Oge na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nzacha dị nro ugboro ole na ole na-aghọ nnukwu

(5) A na-enwe nsogbu na ebe amplifier DC efu, otu ụzọ na-agagharị

6) Izi ezi nke ihe nlele na ihe njide sekit na-ebelata

7) Mkpọda nke ebe ọrụ DC nke amplifier linear

8) Mmụba mmụba na sekit ọkọnọ ike

A naghị ekewapụ arụmọrụ niile dị n'elu nke mmetụta nnabata dielectric na isi ihe dị na "inertia" nke capacitor, ya bụ, n'oge akọwapụtara, a naghị anara chaja na uru a tụrụ anya ya, mwepụta nke ọzọ bụkwa ikpe ahụ.

Nguzogide mkpuchi (ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik) nke capacitor nwere uru Ka buru ibu dị iche na nke capacitor zuru oke (Ka=0) n'ihi na ọ na-abawanye ka oge nnwale dị ogologo (ọkụ eletrik na-ebelata). Oge nnwale a kapịrị ọnụ na China bụ otu nkeji.